Important to Know Zoonotic Disease in Northeast India
Main Article Content
Abstract
Most people engage with animals in some manner. Any illness that may transmit from vertebrate animals to people or from humans to vertebrate animals on their own is referred to be a zoonotic disease. Zoonoses that are a hazard to human health on a global scale, such the human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or newly developing influenza type A viruses, may not really share many characteristics with existing, well-known zoonotic agents. This is due to the fact that before adapting to humans, these novel agents only passed through a brief zoonotic stage. Some diseases or illnesses, despite having a zoonotic origin, represent a danger to human health on a worldwide scale. Almost 60% of human diseases originate from zoonotic agents. There are many different pathogens included in this, including as bacteria, viruses, fungus, protozoa, and parasites. Animal movement and commerce, urbanisation, travel and tourism, vector biology, and anthropogenic influences have all had a substantial impact on the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. With time, more zoonotic diseases—both new and resurfacing—are appearing. This Study concentrates on pertinent facts, zoonotic illnesses that may be found in Northeast India as well as other regions of India and the world, and some approaches to prevention and treatment of zoonotic diseases that have been employed in the past.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Das, D., Islam, S., Bhattacharjee, H., Deka, A., Yambem, D., Tahiliani, P. S., Deka, P., Bhattacharyya, P., Deka, S., Das, K., Bharali, G., Deka, A., & Paul, R. (2014). Parasitic diseases of zoonotic importance in humans of northeast India, with special reference to ocular involvement. Eye and Brain, 6, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S64404
II. Zoonotic Parasitic Diseases in Northeast:A Public Health Concern!! (n.d.). Retrieved February 4, 2023, from
https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/zoonotic-parasitic-diseases-in-northeast-a-public-health-concern/
III. Yadav, P., Sudeep, A., Gokhale, M., Pawar, S., Shete, A., Patil, D., Kumar, V., Lakra, R., Sarkale, P., Nichol, S., & Mourya, D. (2018). Circulation of Nipah virus in Pteropus giganteus bats in northeast region of India, 2015. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 147(3), 318.
https://doi.org/10.4103/IJMR.IJMR_1488_16
IV. Dovih, P., Eric Laing, D., Chen, Y., Low, D. H. W., Ansil, B. R., Yang, X., Shi, Z., Broder, C., Smith, G. J. D., Linster, M., Ramakrishnan, U., & Mendenhall, I. H. (2021). Correction to: Filovirus-reactive antibodies in humans and bats in northeast India imply zoonotic spillover (PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases). PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(11), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009836
V. Traub, R. J., Monis, P. T., Robertson, I., Irwin, P., Mencke, N., & Thompson, R. C. A. (2004). Epidemiological and molecular evidence supports the zoonotic transmission of Giardia among humans and dogs living in the same community. Parasitology, 128(Pt 3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182003004505
VI. Traub, R. J., Robertson, I. D., Irwin, P., Mencke, N., Monis, P., & Thompson, R. C. A. (2003). Humans, dogs and parasitic zoonoses--unravelling the relationships in a remote endemic community in northeast India using molecular tools. Parasitology Research, 90 Suppl 3(SUPPL. 3). https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-003-0925-3
VII. Rajendran, C., Satbige, A. S., & Kumar, D. (2019). Review on Zoonotic Parasitic Diseases of Northeast India-Epidemiology and Clinical Features. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(2), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.xx
VIII. Chowdhury, S., & Chakraborty, P. pratim. (2017). Universal health coverage ‑ There is more to it than meets the eye. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 6(2), 169–170.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc
IX. Borthakur, S. K., Deka, D. K., Islam, S., Sarma, D. K., & Sarmah, P. C. (2015). Prevalence and molecular epidemiological data on dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Northeastern States of India. Scientific World Journal, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/265385
X. Shome, R., Deka, R. P., Milesh, L., Sahay, S., Grace, D., & Lindahl, J. F. (2019). Coxiella seroprevalence and risk factors in large ruminants in Bihar and Assam, India. Acta Tropica, 194, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTATROPICA.2019.03.022
XI. Dutta, P., Khan, S. A., Phukan, A. C., Hazarika, S., Hazarika, N. K., Chetry, S., Khan, A. M., & Kaur, H. (2019). Surveillance of Chikungunya virus activity in some North-eastern states of India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 12(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.250340
XII. Saikia, D., Prasad, Y. K., Dahal, S., & Ghatani, S. (2022). Fasciolopsis buski Detected in Humans in Bihar and Pigs in Assam, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 28(6), 1265–1268.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2806.220171
XIII. Walsh, M. G., Mor, S. M., & Hossain, S. (2019). The elephant-livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286(1898). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0179
XIV. Diego De Stefani, Maria Patron, and R. R. (2015). 乳鼠心肌提取 HHS Public Access. Physiology & Behavior, 176(3), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12686.Zoonotic
XV. Ochi, A., Hifumi, T., Ueno, T., & Katayama, Y. (2017). Capillaria hepatica (Calodium hepaticum) infection in a horse: A case report. BMC Veterinary Research, 13(1), 1–3.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1301-3
XVI. Blair, D. (2019). Paragonimiasis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1154, 105–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_5
XVII. Yoshida, A., Doanh, P. N., & Maruyama, H. (2019). Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Asia: An update. Acta Tropica, 199, 105074. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTATROPICA.2019.105074
XVIII. Singh, T., Sugiyama, H., Umehara, A., Hiese, S., & Khalo, K. (2009). Paragonimus heterotremus infection in Nagaland: A new focus of paragonimiasis in India. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 27(2), 123–127. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.49424
XIX. Saha, B. K., Bonnier, A., Chong, W. H., Chieng, H., Austin, A., Hu, K., & Shkolnik, B. (2022). Human Pulmonary Dirofilariasis: A Review for the Clinicians. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 363(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2021.07.017
XX. Simón, F., Siles-Lucas, M., Morchón, R., González-Miguel, J., Mellado, I., Carretón, E., & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2012). Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25(3), 507–544. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00012-12
XXI. Garg, N., & Panmei, K. (2018). First reported case of naturally acquired fatal anthrax from Northeast India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(3), 632.
https://doi.org/10.4103/JFMPC.JFMPC_111_18
XXII. Kamal, S. M., Rashid, A. M., Bakar, M. A., & Ahad, M. A. (2011). Anthrax: an update. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(6), 496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60109-3
XXIII. Shadomy, S. V., & Smith, T. L. (2008). Anthrax. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 233(1), 63–72.
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.1.63
XXIV. Beniac, D. R., Lamboo, L. L., & Booth, T. F. (2018). Filovirus Filament Proteins. Sub-Cellular Biochemistry, 88, 73–94.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8456-0_4
XXV. Dolnik, O., & Becker, S. (2022). Assembly and transport of filovirus nucleocapsids. PLoS Pathogens, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PPAT.1010616
XXVI. Filoviruses (Filoviridae) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC. (n.d.).
XXVII. Duffy, S. C., Srinivasan, S., Schilling, M. A., Stuber, T., Danchuk, S. N., Michael, J. S., Venkatesan, M., Bansal, N., Maan, S., Jindal, N., Chaudhary, D., Dandapat, P., Katani, R., Chothe, S., Veerasami, M., Robbe-Austerman, S., Juleff, N., Kapur, V., & Behr, M. A. (2020). Reconsidering Mycobacterium bovis as a proxy for zoonotic tuberculosis: a molecular epidemiological surveillance study. The Lancet Microbe, 1(2), e66–e73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30038-0
XXVIII. Refaya, A. K., Bhargavi, G., Mathew, N. C., Rajendran, A., Krishnamoorthy, R., Swaminathan, S., & Palaniyandi, K. (2020). A review on bovine tuberculosis in India. Tuberculosis, 122, 101923. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TUBE.2020.101923
XXIX. Islam, S. K. S., Rumi, T. B., Kabir, S. M. L., van der Zanden, A. G. M., Kapur, V., Rahman, A. K. M. A., Ward, M. P., Bakker, D., Ross, A. G., & Rahim, Z. (2020). Bovine tuberculosis prevalence and risk factors in selected districts of Bangladesh. PLOS ONE, 15(11), e0241717. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0241717
XXX. Herman, J. S., & Chiodini, P. L. (2009). Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22(3), 484–492. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00003-09
XXXI. Pillai, G. S., Kumar, A., Radhakrishnan, N., Maniyelil, J., Shafi, T., Dinesh, K. R., & Karim, S. (2012). Case report: Intraocular gnathostomiasis: Report of a case and review of literature. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 86(4), 620–623. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0719
XXXII. Ligon, B. L. (2005). Gnathostomiasis: A review of a previously localized zoonosis now crossing numerous geographical boundaries. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 16(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1053/J.SPID.2005.01.002
XXXIII. Baruah, A., Sarma, K., Barman, B., Phukan, P., Nath, C., Boruah, P., Rajkhowa, P., Baruah, M., Dutta, A., & Naku, N. (2020). Clinical and Laboratory Presentation of Hydatid Disease: A Study From Northeast India. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.10260
XXXIV. Das, R., Das, N., Rajbongshi, S., Islam, B., Singh, B., & Agrawal, N. K. (2023). LAPAROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF HEPATIC HYDATID DISEASE- AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. 657–660. https://doi.org/10.47009/jamp.2023.5.1.138
XXXV. Wen, W., Chen, C., Tang, J., Wang, C., Zhou, M., Cheng, Y., Zhou, X., Wu, Q., Zhang, X., Feng, Z., Wang, M., & Mao, Q. (2022). Efficacy and safety of three new oral antiviral treatment (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) for COVID-19：a meta-analysis. Annals of Medicine, 54(1), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2022.2034936
XXXVI. Administration for Strategic Response and Preparedness. (2022). Treatment Options for COVID‑19 | HHS/ASPR. ASRP. https://aspr.hhs.gov/COVID-19/Treatments/Pages/Possible-Treatment-Options-for-COVID19.aspx
XXXVII. Benavides, S., & Nahata, M. C. (2002). Anthrax: safe treatment for children. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 36(2), 334–337. https://doi.org/10.1345/APH.1A424
XXXVIII. Murin, C. D., Gunn, B. M., Parren, P. W. H. I., & Kobinger, G. P. (2022). Editorial: Antibody Therapeutics for the Treatment of Filoviral Infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/FIMMU.2022.859919
XXXIX. Abramo, J. M., Reynolds, A., Crisp, G. T., Weurlander, M., Söderberg, M., Scheja, M., Hult, H., Wernerson, A., Emacs, A., Distribution, U. E., Makes, W., Like, A., Text, O., Editors, O. T., Interface, T. A., Sets, D. C., Look, T. R., Veterans, E., Bindings, K., … Rugg, G. (2012). Therapeutics against filovirus. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(October), 435. https://doi.org/10.1007/82
XL. Dean, G. S., Rhodes, S. G., Coad, M., Whelan, A. O., Wheeler, P., Villareal-Ramos, B., Mead, E., Johnson, L., Clifford, D. J., Hewinson, R. G., & Vordermeier, H. M. (2008). Isoniazid treatment of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle as a model for human tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 88(6), 586–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2008.01.004
XLI. Smego, R. A., & Sebanego, P. (2005). Treatment options for hepatic cystic echinococcosis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 9(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2004.08.001