Role of Carrot Leaf (Daucus Carota) Ethanol Leaf Extract Against Cadmium Induced Toxicity in Pituitary Gland of Adult Wistar Rats
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Cadmium remains the most toxic pollutants which interferes with the endocrine function of the pituitary gland, thereby affecting gonadotropin synthesis, which is critical for maintaining male reproductive systems.
Objectives: This study investigates the role of Daucus carota ethanol leaf extract against cadmium induced toxicity in pituitary gland of adult Wistar rats
Materials and Methods: Forty (40) adult male Wistar rats weighing 145-178kg were randomly placed into five groups(n= 8). Cadmium chloride(CdCl2), Daucus carota ethanol leaf extract. Group I received normal rat feed and water ad libitum for 28 days and were kept as control. Group II were administered with single dose of 8mg/kg body weight cadmium chloride only (CdCl2 ). Group III rats received 8mg/kg CdCl2 at a dose of 100mg/kg of the extract. Group IV received 8mg/kg body weight of CdCl2 and 200mg/kg of the extract. Group V received 400mg/kg of the extract twice daily for 28 days. All treatment were administered through oral gavage. Blood sample was collected using retrorbital venous plexus puncture before sacrifice by cervical dislocation. The pituitary glands were harvested and then fixed in 10% formalin for histology analysis
Results: Biochemical analyses indicated that cadmium exposure significantly increased oxidative stress and decreased gonadotropin levels, while Daucus carota ethanol leaf extract improved antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced lipid peroxidation. Results revealed that cadmium exposure when compared to control groups A is significant(p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Cadmium exposure significantly lowers antioxidant defense capacity. Daucus carota ethanol leaf extract could be a treatment strategies for individuals at risk of cadmium exposure, counteracting oxidative stress and potentially improving reproductive health
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. MinguezAlarcon, L., Gaskins,A.J.,Chiu,Y.H.,Williams P. L.,and Hauser,R. (2019).Cadmium exposure and reproductive hormone levels in men and women. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(8), 087003.
II. Choudhury, S., Mukherjee, S., Bha.ttacharya, S., and Ray, S. (2022). The impact of cadmium exposure on endocrine function. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 34(1), 123-135.
III. Godt, J., et al. (2006). The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 1(22).
IV. Hassan, Z., Shaikh, F.and Ahmad, F. (2021). Cadmium exposure and endocrine disruption Insights into the mechanisms. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 87, 103680.
V. Jin, Y., Liu, S., Yu, C., Wang, Y., He, J., and Chen, Z. (2020). Cadmium exposure and its health effects: A review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 28(3), 176-190.
VI. VI. Khalid, S., et al. (2021). Phytochemical and antioxidant profile of Daucus carota leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 15(4), 89–96.
VII. Oboh, G., Olasehinde, T. A., and Ademosun, A. O. (2022). Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and the protective role of antioxidants: A biochemical analysis. Biological Trace Element Research, 200(1), 315-324.
VIII. Sakai, N., Namba, K., and Kaneko, M. (2023). Mechanisms of cadmium-induced pituitary dysfunction and therapeutic strategies. Journal of Endocrine Disorders, 58(3), 34-45
IX. Satarug, S., Vesey, D. A., and Gobe, G. C. (2021). Health risk assessment of dietary cadmium intake: Environmental Health Perspectives, 129(1), 017001
X. Singh, Z., Chadha, P., and Sharma, S. (2020). Cadmium toxicity and its amelioration through chelation therapy: A review. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 39(2), 113-124.
XI. Wang, L., et al. (2020). Cadmium disrupts the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in male rats Journal of Hazardous Materials, 398, 122900
XII. XII. Wang, Y., Liu, H., and Zhang, J. (2023). The effectiveness of natural antioxidants in combating heavy metal-induced oxidative stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2023, 5078421
XIII. Yagi KA,(1976) A simple fluorimetric assay for lipoperoxide in blood plasma. Biochemistry and Medicine 15:212–216.
XIV. Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, J. (2020). The pituitary gland and its susceptibility to heavy metal toxicity: A review. Journal of Endocrinology, 246(1), 13-23
XV. Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., Li, X., and Gao, H. (2020). Toxic effects of cadmium exposure on the pituitary gland and hormone secretion. Toxicology Letters, 330, 1-9
XVI. Akinyemi, A. J., Ishola, I. O., and Olatunde, O. C. (2021). Environmental cadmium exposure and its health implications: A review of recent studies. Environmental Health SPerspectives, 129(8), 086001.
XVII. Alavi, S. H., Ghasemi, A., and Shahbazian, S. (2023). Dose-dependent effects of beta-carotene in neuroprotection against cadmium-induced damage. Neuroscience Research, 102(1), 98–105.
XVIII. Bartoli, G., Lombardi, A., Dragone, D., and Valentini, F. (2024). Cadmium exposure and pituitary gland dysfunction: A systematic review. Journal of Endocrinology Research, 12(3), 45-58.
XIX. Adebayo, T. O., Ojo, A. B., and Ogunmola, A. A. (2023). Protective effects of natural antioxidants against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress: A review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 41(1), 45-62.
XX. Adewale, A. A., Akinrinmade, A. O., and Adekunle, D. S. (2022). Cadmium-induced endocrine disruption: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Endocrine Reviews, 43(4), 789-812.
XXI. Jones, M. A., and Smith, R. T. (2019). The protective effects of beta-carotene on cadmium-induced toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 82(3), 123-133.
XXII. Kamel, A., Wahba, R., and Fouda, M. (2023). Antioxidant therapies for mitigating cadmium-induced toxicity. Toxicology Reports, 11(2), 110-120.
XXIII. Liu, S., Zhang, X., and Wang, Q. (2021). Cadmium-induced endocrine disruption in the pituitary gland: Mechanisms and implications. Toxicological Sciences, 183(2), 312-324.
XXIV. Briffa, J., Sinagra, E., and Blundell, R. (2020). Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon, 6(9), 04691.
XXV. Li, H., Zhang, X., and Wang, J. (2022). Antioxidant properties of beta-carotene in cadmium-induced oxidative stress in male rats. Environmental Toxicology, 37(4), 456-465.
XXVI. Goya, S., Shimada, M., and Fujimoto, T. (2019). Cadmium-induced endocrine disruption: Effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 44(3), 317-326.
XXVII. Aebi H, Lester P(1984). Catalase in vitro. In: Packer L, editor. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 105. Academic Press; New York: pp. 121–126.
XXVIII. Qian, Y., Wang, Z., and Liu, T. (2024). Beta-carotene as an antioxidant: Dose- dependent effects on hormonal regulation under toxic stress. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 34(2), 88–96
XXIX. sun, T, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo, S.A (2009) Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of biofortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colors. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 57(10):4142–4147
XXX. Jiménez-Fernández S, Gurpegui M, Díaz-Atienza F, Pérez-Costillas L, Gerstenberg M, Correll CU ( 2015). "Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatme nt: results from a meta-analysis". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 76 (12): 1658–67
XXXI. Joseph, I., E.. Adetokunbo, O., A., Olugbenga,O., M.(2022) Impacts of cadmium on male fertility: Lessons learnt so far e14516-e14516. Andrologia, 54 ,
XXXII. Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. (1971) Superoxide Dismutase: Improved Assays and an Assay Applicable to Acrylamide Gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44, 276-287.