Determinants of Delayed Menstrual Period among Students of Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State
Main Article Content
Abstract
Menstrual period is a normal and significant process that every female who have attained the age of puberty must experience in life and it is a monthly process. However, delayed in having this normal process every monthly is a concern. Several factors may be responsible for delayed menstrual period experienced by females. This research states to examine the Determinants of Delayed Menstrual Period among Students of Tertiary Institutions in Rivers State. Sample size for the study was 250 and participant were randomly selected and the questionnaire were issued to the participants to fill and return it to the researcher. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 26 and P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results from the study revealed that some of the determinants that are precursors of delayed menstrual period observed were unprotected sex, use of contraceptives, alcohol consumption, use of public toilet, unwanted pregnancy, vaginal discharge, abortion, stress and infection. Also, 98.8% of the responders have started dating and 78.00%) respondents agreed that they have been involved in intermittent sex without protection. The findings revealed that 98.4% of the participants have used contraceptives for more 5 years. However, 62.8% of the responders affirmed that they experienced milky discharge from their breast and 69.2% have done abortion. The study shows that 68.4% of the respondents used public toilet and 62.4% respondents experienced vaginal discharge. Furthermore, 65.20%) of responders have been pregnant without knowing. Results also shows that 73.2% of the respondents have conducted hormonal profile and 64.4% of respondents have hormonal imbalance while 94.4% of the participants consumed alcohol.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Control, 1974; 19: 716–23.
II. Berga S, Naftolin F. Neuroendocrine control of ovulation. Gynecol Endocrinol, 2012; 28(1): 9–13.
III. Cooper GS, Sandler DP, Whelen EA. Association of physical and behavioral characteristics with menstrual cycle patterns in women age 29–31 years. Epidemiology, 1996; 7: 624–8.
IV. Dennerstein L, Gotts G, Brown JB. Effects of age and nonhormonal contraception on menstrual cycle characteristics. Gynecol Endocrinol, 1997; 11: 127– 33.
V. Gbaranor K. B., Mube W. A., Gilbert U. D., Nonju T. I, Daka I.R, Amadi Hebinchi, Wami-Amadi C. F., Nonju I. I., Oriji E. I., Amadi N. C., Emeghara G. I., Nwosu G. N. and Ajumoke O.O (2022). Physiological Variation of Menstrual Cycle Amongst Female Students in Tertiary Institutions of Rivers State. World Journal 0f Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 8(1), 17 – 20
VI. Gbaranor, K. B., Dickson, I. C, Okocha, A. N, Mube, W. A, Ile, V. I, Kinako, S. E, Dimkpa, B. M, Oluoha, R. U, Kue, D. S, Dimkpa, C. R, Chris-Biriowu, H., George, A. F, Nwogu H. C., Pepple, B. G (2023). Ascertaining the Level of Psychological Effects of Delayed Menstrual Period among Female Students in Tertiary Institutions in South-South, Nigeria. Saudi J Med Pharm Sci, 9(10): 704-707.
VII. Harlow SD, Ephross SA. Epidemiology of menstruation and its relevance to women’s health. Epidemiol Rev., 1995; 17: 265–86.
VIII. Harlow SD, Matanoski GM. The association between weight, physical activity, and stress and variation in the length of the menstrual cycle. Am J Epidemiol, 1991; 133: 38–49
IX. Kato I, Toniolo P, Koenig KL, et al. Epidemiologic correlates with menstrual cycle length in middle aged women. Eur J Epidemiol, 1999; 15: 809–14.
X. Liu JH. Hypothalamic amenorrhea: clinical perspectives, pathophysiology, and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1990; 163: 1732–6.
XI. Loucks AB, Thuma JR. Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a Maniam J, Antoniadis C, Morris MJ. Early-life stress, HPA axis adaptation, and mechanisms contributing to later health outcomes. Front Eendocrinol, 2014; 5: 73.
XII. Mendelson JH, Mello NK. Chronic alcohol effects on anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones in healthy women. J Pharmacol Exp Ther., 1988; 245: 407–12.
XIII. Reindollar RH, Novak M, Tho SP, McDonough PG. Adult-onset amenorrhea
XIV. Reindollar RH, Novak M, Tho SP, McDonough PG. Adult-onset amenorrhea
XV. Vollman RF. The menstrual cycle. Philadelphia, PA: W B Saunders, 1977
XVI. Westhoff C, Gentile G, Lee J, Zacur H, Helbig D. Predictors of ovarian steroid Yan Liu, Ellen B. Golld Bill L. Lasley, Wesley O. Johnson4. Factors Affecting Menstrual Cycle Characteristics. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014; 160: 2