Detection of Aflatoxin M1 and Several Heavy Metals in Medical Infant Milk Formula Sold in Iraqi Markets
Main Article Content
Abstract
Milk is essential for infants, and infant feeding should be emphasized in any program to ensure good child health. To find harmful and trace elements in different milk powder brands bought in Iraq and fed to babies with metabolic syndrome, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used. Fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also used to measure aflatoxin M1. The result reveals the concentrations of elements close to the product label's description, such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, selenium, iron, and manganese. Only the potassium element was higher than what was listed on the product label. Additionally, no quantities of hazardous elements like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), or arsenic (As) were found. As for aflatoxin M1, it was found that the PKU milk formula and lactose-free milk formula were found to be free of AFM1 contamination, indicating that they are safe to consume. AFM1 was found in concentrations above the permissible limit in the MSUD milk formula (0.08 µg/kg). The reason for this issue could be inadequate storage. The other two types, TYR and OAc milk formula, were lower than the allowable limit of 0.05 µg/kg. As a result, there needs to be more oversight of the milk that newborns with metabolic syndrome consumele S. aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in community settings.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Abo El-Makarem H., Amer A., Abdel Naby H., Prevalence of Some Dangerous Heavy Metal Residues and Aflatoxins in Milk and Some Dairy Products, Alex. J. Vet. Sci., 62(1), 158–165 (2019)
II. Akhtar S., Shahzad M.A., Yoo S., Ismail A., Hameed A., Ismail T., Riaz M., Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets, Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour, 37(1), 79–86 (2017)
III. Al-Mossawei M.T., Al-Zubaidi L.A., Hamza I.S., Abduljaleel S.Y., Detection of AFM 1 in Milk and Some Dairy Products in Iraq using different techniques, adv. life sci. technol., 41, 74-81 (2016)
IV. Al-Sawaf S., Abdullah O., Sheet O., Use of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk powder. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci., 26(1), 39–42 (2012)
V. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, Aflatoxin M1. Natural toxins. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, AOAC International 2000, chapter 49; Vol. II, 40–42 (2000)
VI. APHA American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for Examining Water and Wastewater 23th Edition, 800 I Street, NW, Washington DC, USA, )2017)
VII. Awaisheh S.S., Rahahleh R.J., Algroom R.M., Al-Bakheit A.A., Al-Khazaleh J.M., Al-Dababseh B.A., Contamination Level and Exposure Assessment to Aflatoxin M1 in Jordanian Infant Milk Formulas, Ital. J. Food Saf, 8(3), 127-130 (2019)
VIII. Bahrami R., Shahbazi Y., Nikousefat Z.. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and traditional dairy products from the west part of Iran: occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure, Food Control, 62, 250–256 (2016)
IX. Dehcheshmeh B., Shakerian A., Rahimi E.. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metal in Raw Materials and Infant Formula Produced in Pegah Dairy Plants, Iran, J. Chem. Health Risks, 11(1), 55–62 (2021)
X. Delgado V., Moyer M., Singh A., The food label: a guide to educating bariatric patients. Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care, 10, 87-92 (2015)
XI. Derakhshesh S.M., Rahimi E., Determination of Lead Residue in Raw Cow Milk from Different Regions of Iran by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, AEJTS, 4 (1), 16–19 (2012)
XII. Eleboudy A., Amer A., Abo El-Makarem H., Abo Hadour H., Heavy Metals Residues in Some Dairy Products. AJVS, 51(2), 334-346 (2016)
XIII. European Commission, Commission Regulation No. 466/2001, Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Office. J. Europe. Comm, L077, 1–13 (2001)
XIV. Farid S., and Baloch M., Heavy metal ions in milk samples collected from animals feed with city effluent irrigated fodder. Greener J Physical Sciences, 2(2), 36–43 (2012)
XV. Galvano F., Galofaro V., Ritieni A., Bognanno M., De Angelis A., Galvano G., Survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products marketed in Italy: second year of observation, Food Addit Conta, 18(7), 644–6 (2001)
XVI. Gasmalla M., Khadir K., Musa A., Aboshora W., Zhao W., Evaluation of some physicochemical parameters of three commercial milk products, Pakistan J Food Sci., 23(2), 62–65 (2013)
XVII. Giovati L., Walter M., Ciociola T., Santinoli C., Conti S., Polonelli L., AFM1 in Milk: Physical, Biological, and Prophylactic Methods to Mitigate Contamination, Toxins, 7(10), 4330–4349 (2015)
XVIII. Hasan N., Al-Saedi J., Jassim M., A Comparative Study of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements Concentration in Milk Samples Consumed in Iraq, Baghdad Sci. J., 17(1), 310–317 (2020)
XIX. IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 82. Lyon: AIRC Press, Some traditional herbal medicine, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene (2002)
XX. Ikem A., Nwankwoala A., Odueyungbo S., Nyavor K., Egiebora N., Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, U.K., and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP–OES, Food Chemistry, 77(4), 439–447 (2002)
XXI. Jafari K., Fatehabad A.E., Fakhri Y., Shamsaei M., Miri M., Farahmandfar R., Khaneghah A.M., Aflatoxin M1 in traditional and industrial pasteurized milk samples from Tiran County, Isfahan Province: A probabilistic health risk assessment. Ital J Food Sci, 33 (SP1), 103–116 (2021)
XXII. JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food, WHO Food Addit Ser, 47, 103-279 (2001)
XXIII. Khaneghah A.M., Eş I., Raeisi S., Yadolah F., Aflatoxins in cereals: state of the art. J. Food Saf, 38(6), 1-7 (2018)
XXIV. Lane E.A., Canty M.J., More S.J., Cadmium exposure and consequence for the health and productivity of farmed ruminants, Res. Vet. Sci., 101, 132–139 (2015)
XXV. Marhamatizadeh M.H., Goosheh S.R., The Combined Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Extract and Probiotic Bacteria (Lactobacillus et al.) on Aflatoxin M1 Concentration in Kefir Beverage. Ital J Food Sci, 28(3), 517 (2016)
XXVI. Neal G.E., Eaton D.L., Judah D.J., Verma A., Metabolism and toxicity of aflatoxins M1 and B1 in human-derived in vitro systems. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 151(1), 152–158 (1998)
XXVII. SAS Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA, (2012)
XXVIII. Singh R., Gautam N., Mishra A., Gupta R., Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian J Pharmacol, 43(3): 246–253 (2011)
XXIX. Sumya K., Masum A., Islam M., Harun R., Mineral profiles of powdered milk, yoghurt, ice cream and raw milk. Asian J Med Biol Res, 3 (2), 294-297 (2017)
XXX. The European Parliament and Council, Directive 2002/32/E.C. of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed, OJEU, 140, 10-22 (2002)
XXXI. Tripathi R.M., Raghunath R., Sastry V.N., Krishnamoorthy T.M., Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. Sci. Total Environ,. 227(2-3), 229-235 (1999)
XXXII. Van Karnebeek CDM and Stockler S., Treatable inborn errors of metabolism causing intellectual disability: a systematic literature review. Mol. Genet. Metab., 105(3), 368–381 (2012)
XXXIII. Verkaik-Kloosterman J., Seves S.M., Ocké M.C., Vitamin D concentrations in fortified foods and dietary supplements intended for infants: Implications for vitamin D intake. Food Chem., 221, 629–635 (2017)
XXXIV. Yoo S.J., Walfish S.L., Atwater J.B., Giancaspro G.I., Sarma N., Factors to consider in setting adequate overages of vitamins and minerals in dietary supplements, Pharmacop. Forum., 42, 111–114 (2016)