The Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Sport and Change-Event on Athlete Performance
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on sports, its industry and competitions, and its impact on the psychological state of athletes and sports fans. After the world suffered from the spread of the Corona pandemic “Covid 19” and its various effects on humans, as it was classified by the World Health Organization as one of the pandemic diseases that spread quickly, widely and rapidly and that led to human losses. Covid 19 led to the adoption of a set of health measures, the most important of which was quarantine as a preventive measure aimed at limiting the spread of infection, and this led to huge losses in global markets, the energy sector, the economy, tourism and entertainment. The sports field was not excluded from these repercussions, as it is an important sector on the economic, sports and social levels, the sports sector has been particularly affected by the Covid -19 crisis in a way we have not seen before, with all physical activities, face-to-face, and all team sports suddenly being restricted indefinitely in many countries. And this change is significant for most male and female athletes professionals and non-professionals competing in various tournaments, and as a result, sports organizations have had to restructure themselves to provide a service to their users. The coronavirus pandemic has caused the biggest disruption to the global sporting calendar since World War II worldwide with varying degrees of postponement of sporting events so that spectators do not have matches to watch and players do not have matches to play. Turkmenistan, Belarus, Nicaragua, and Tajikistan are among the countries that have continued to hold professional sports contests as scheduled. The Arctic Winter Games have been canceled for 2020, whereas the ASEAN Olympic Games have been rescheduled for 2020.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
I. Athletes warned against excessive celebrations at Tokyo 2020". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
II. Abrams E.M. and Szefler S.J. (2020). COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of health. Lancet Respir Med. 8:659–61. (20) 30234-4.
III. Al-Jandeel TJ, Al-Karawi AS, Abdulrazzaq OI, Tareq S. An Evaluation of Laboratory Tests for COVID-19 Infection in Patients Residing in the Baghdad-Iraq. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, 2023; 23(1).
IV. Al-Jindeel, T. J., Al-Karawi, A. S., Kready, H. O., & Mohammed, M. (2021). Prevalence of COVID-19 virus infection in asymptomatic volunteers in Baghdad city/Iraq during 2021. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 5524-5530.
V. Altena, E.; Baglioni C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., et al., (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J. Sleep Res. 2020:e13052. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13052
VI. BBC Sport (2020). Coronavirus: How the Virus has Impacted Sporting Events Around the World. Available online at: https://www.bbc.com/sport/51605235 (accessed July 10, 2020).
VII. Betar ,K (2020). The risk assessment of major sports events .from , https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki /%D9%88%D8%A8 %D %A 7%D8%A1. p (17 )
VIII. Bruton, Michelle. "How Cancellation Of Summer X Games 2020a Affects Minneapolis, Action Sports Calendar".(2021). Forbes. Retrieved 17 January .
IX. Bruton, Michelle. "X Games Postpones February Chongli Event, Citing Coronavirus Concerns". (2021). Forbes. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020b. Retrieved 17 January 2021
X. Byrd, M., Carter, L., Dieffenbach, K., Durand-Bush, N., Gunter, K., Harris, B., et al., (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: tips for athletes, coaches, parents, and the sport community. Assoc. Appl. Sport Psychol
XI. Campbell, C., Gregory, S., & Shibata, M. (2020). The Olympics-Size Risk of COVID-19. TIME Magazine, 195(7/8), 15–16.
XII. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Fuentes-García, J. P., de la Vega Marcos, R., and Martínez Patiño, M. J. (2020). Modulators of the personal and professional threat perception of Olympic athletes in the actual COVID-19 crisis. Front. Psychol. 11:1985. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01985
XIII. Cooper, J. A.; Alderman, Derek H. (2020). "Cancelling March Madness exposes opportunities for a more sustainable sports tourism economy". Tourism Geographies. 22 (3): 525–535. doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1759135. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 219462858
XIV. Di Fronso S., Costa S., Montesano C., Di Gruttola F., Ciofi E.G., Morgilli L, et al. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in Italian athletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020:1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1802612.
XV. Dong, L., and Bouey, J. (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 1616–1618. Doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200407
XVI. Ethier, Matt (2020). “How the OUA’s decision to cancel the 2020 season will impact athletic scholarships”. CTV News Kitchener. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
XVII. Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (2020). “Craig Foster rallying sport to ‘play for lives’ in volunteer response”، The Sydney Morning Herald .
XVIII. Gallagher, C.; Leussink, D.; Slodkowski, A. (2021). “Up to 10,000 spectators allowed at each Olympic venue despite warnings". Reuters. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
XIX. Henriksen, K., Schinke, R., Moesch, K., McCann, S., Parham, W. D., Larsen, C. H., et al. (2019). Consensus statement on improving the mental health of high performance athletes. Int. J. Sport Exer. Psychol. 14, 1–8. doi: 10.1080/1612197X. 2019.1570473
XX. Jason, L.-Y., & Nell, P. (2020). Navigating opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship under COVID19.". California Management Review
XXI. Joseph, A. (2020). "Kansas has best claim to the national championship after NCAA tournament cancellation". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved 22 April 2020
XXII. Kuettel A. and Larsen C.H.(2020). Risk and protective factors for mental health in elite athletes: a scoping review. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020;13(1):231-65.
XXIII. Mehrsafar, A. H., Gazerani, P., Moghadam Zadeh, A., and Jaenes Sánchez, J. C. (2020). Addressing potential impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of elite athletes. Brain Behav. Immun. 87, 147–148. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.011
XXIV. Naim B. (2020). Corona Virus (Covid 19) in Algeria - Analytical study -. Journal of Social Empowerment, pp. 113-15
XXV. Pillay L.; van Rensburg DCCJ.; van Rensburg A.J.; Ramagole D.A.; Holtzhausen L.; Dijkstra HP, et al.(2020). Nowhere to hide: the significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(7):670-9.
XXVI. Pillay, L.; Janse van Rensburg, D. C. C.; Jansen van Rensburg, A.; Ramagole, D. A.; Holtzhausen, L.; Dijkstra, H. P.; et al. (2020). Nowhere to hide: the significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 23, 670–679. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.016
XXVII. Pillay, L.; van Rensburg, D. C. C. J.; van Rensburg, A. J.; Ramagole, D.; Holtzhausen, L.; Dijkstra, H. P.; et al. (2020). Nowhere to hide: the significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 23, 670–679. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020. 05.016
XXVIII. Qiu, W.; Rutherford, S.; Mao, A.; and Chu, C. (2017). The pandemic and its impacts. Health Cult. Soc. 9, 1–11. doi: 10.5195/hcs.2017.221
XXIX. Lauer, S.A. ; Grantz, K.H. ; Bi, Q.et al.(2019). The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application
XXX. Samuel, R. D.; Tenenbaum, G.; and Galily, Y. (2020). The 2020 coronavirus pandemic as a change-event in sport performers' careers: conceptual and applied practice considerations. Front. Psychol. 11:567966. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567966
XXXI. Sawatzky, M. (2020). "U Sports revamps schedules". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 8 June 2020
XXXII. Schad, T. (2020). "NCAA men's and women's basketball tournaments will not include fans due to coronavirus concerns". USA Today. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
XXXIII. Schinke, R.; Papaioannou, A.; Henriksen, K.; Si, G.; Zhang, L.; and Haberl, P. (2020). Sport psychology services to high performance athletes during COVID-19. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 18, 269–272. doi: 10.1080/1612197X. 2020.1754616
XXXIV. Simon, D. (2021). "Tokyo Olympics organizers ban spectators from outside Japan in pandemic-control measure". Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2021
XXXV. Sobhy , M. (2020) . Threats associated with Corona virus in sports activity in international sports clubs .from , https://www.bbc.com › arabic › world-51866282 . p (3 )
XXXVI. Solomon, S. (2020). "Basketball Africa League Delays Inaugural Season Because of Coronavirus". Voice of America. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
XXXVII. Somoggi, A.; Value, founder of S. and industry, analyses the expected economic impact of the C. the sports (2020). Coronavirus’ economic impact on the Sports Industry. [online] Sports Venue Business (SVB).
XXXVIII. Swim, S. (2021). WORLD GAMES POSTPONED TO 2022 TO ACCOMMODATE OLYMPIC MOVE". 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
XXXIX. Taku, K.; and Arai, H. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on athletes and coaches, and their values in Japan: repercussions of postponing the Tokyo 2020 olympic and paralympic games. J. Loss Trauma 25, 623–650. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2020. 1777762
XL. The European Platform for Sport Innovation (EPSI). (2020). Position paper on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the sport sector. [online] Available at: https://epsi.eu/news/position-paper-on-the-impact-of-the-covid-19-crisis-on-the-sport-sector
XLI. Toresdahl, B. G.; and Asif, I. M. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): considerations for the competitive athlete. Sports Health 22, 70–73. doi: 10.1177/1941738120918876
XLII. Tokyo 2020 organisers publish first set of rules to ensure Games can go ahead". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
XLIII. Wagner, J (2020). "Looking for a Full Sports Calendar? Try Nicaragua". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
XLIV. Wang, C.; Pan, R.; Wan, X.; Tan, Y.; Xu, L.; Ho, C.S.; et al.(2019). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1729
XLV. World Health Organization.2019. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.