FTIR Method for Determining Oil Quality and the Effects of Sonication and Soxhlet Extraction Methods on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa) Oil
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Abstract
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is a plant that contains various bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds, which have the potential to exhibit antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of black cumin seeds, compare the yield and phenolic content of extracts obtained via maceration and sonication using 96% ethanol, and identify the functional groups of compounds in the extracts using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Black cumin seeds were characterized macroscopically and microscopically, then extracted using the maceration method for 3 × 24 hours and sonication at a frequency of 60 kHz and a temperature of 40°C for 60 minutes. The extracts were subsequently analyzed using FTIR, and total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard. The results showed that the yield of the maceration extract was 10.55% ± 0.001, while the yield of the sonication extract was 7.80% ± 0.001. FTIR identification results indicated the presence of functional groups associated with unsaturated C–H bonds, CH₂, carbonyl (C=O), CH₂/CH₃, and C–O. A qualitative test using FeCl₃ yielded positive results for phenolic compounds in both extraction methods. The total phenolic content of the maceration extract was 42.678 mg GAE/g ± 4.0934, while that of the sonication extract was 32.007 mg GAE/g ± 0.077. Based on these results, the maceration method under the study conditions yielded a higher yield and phenolic content compared to the sonication method. These findings serve as a basis for optimizing the extraction method and testing antioxidant activity in subsequent research phases.
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